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Roman Numerals
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Foundational Skills
Know the values of I V and X
\[ \text{I}=1, \text{V}=5, \text{X}=10 \]
Recognise that I=1 and V=5 and X=10.
Know the values of L and C
\[ \text{L}=50, \text{C}=100 \]
Recognise that L=50 and C=100.
Know the values of D and M
\[ \text{D}=500, \text{M}=1000 \]
Recognise that D=500 and M=1000.
Order symbols by value
\[ \text{I} < \text{V} < \text{X} < \text{L} \]
Arrange Roman numeral symbols in order of their value.
Understand the addition principle
\[ \text{VI} \rightarrow 5 + 1 \]
Recognise that when a smaller value follows a larger value we add.
Recognise subtractive pairs
\[ \text{IV} \rightarrow 5 – 1 \]
Recognise that when a smaller value comes before a larger value we subtract.
Reading 1-12
Read I and II and III
\[ \text{III} = 3 \]
Read Roman numerals that use only the symbol I repeated.
Read IV
\[ \text{IV} = 4 \]
Read the Roman numeral IV which uses subtraction to show 4.
Read V to VIII
\[ \text{VII} = 7 \]
Read Roman numerals from 5 to 8 which add I symbols after V.
Read IX
\[ \text{IX} = 9 \]
Read the Roman numeral IX which uses subtraction to show 9.
Read X to XII
\[ \text{XII} = 12 \]
Read Roman numerals from 10 to 12 which add I symbols after X.
Reading 13-99
Read teens (XIII-XIX)
\[ \text{XVII} = 17 \]
Read Roman numerals from 13 to 19 by adding values after X.
Read multiples of 10 (XX-XC)
\[ \text{XL} = 40 \]
Read Roman numerals for 20 to 90 using X and L symbols.
Read 20-49
\[ \text{XXXIV} = 34 \]
Read Roman numerals from 20 to 49 combining X symbols with units.
Read 50-99
\[ \text{LXXIII} = 73 \]
Read Roman numerals from 50 to 99 using L as the base.
Reading 100-999
Read multiples of 100 (C-CM)
\[ \text{CD} = 400 \]
Read Roman numerals for 100 to 900 using C and D symbols.
Read 100-499
\[ \text{CCXLV} = 245 \]
Read three-digit Roman numerals from 100 to 499.
Read 500-999
\[ \text{DCLX} = 660 \]
Read three-digit Roman numerals from 500 to 999.
Reading 1000-3999
Read thousands (M-MMM)
\[ \text{MMM} = 3000 \]
Read Roman numerals for 1000 to 3000 using M repeated.
Read four-digit numbers and years
\[ \text{MMXXIV} = 2024 \]
Read Roman numerals representing years and larger numbers.
Writing 1-12
Write 1-3 as Roman numerals
\[ 2 \rightarrow \text{II} \]
Write the numbers 1 to 3 using only the symbol I.
Write 4 as a Roman numeral
\[ 4 \rightarrow \text{IV} \]
Write the number 4 using the subtractive form IV.
Write 5-8 as Roman numerals
\[ 7 \rightarrow \text{VII} \]
Write the numbers 5 to 8 using V with I symbols added.
Write 9 as a Roman numeral
\[ 9 \rightarrow \text{IX} \]
Write the number 9 using the subtractive form IX.
Write 10-12 as Roman numerals
\[ 12 \rightarrow \text{XII} \]
Write the numbers 10 to 12 using X with I symbols added.
Writing 13-99
Write teens as Roman numerals
\[ 14 \rightarrow \text{XIV} \]
Write numbers 13-19 using X followed by units.
Write two-digit numbers (20-99)
\[ 47 \rightarrow \text{XLVII} \]
Write any two-digit number from 20 to 99.
Writing 100-999
Write three-digit numbers
\[ 246 \rightarrow \text{CCXLVI} \]
Write three-digit numbers from 100 to 999.
Writing 1000-3999
Write years as Roman numerals
\[ 2024 \rightarrow \text{MMXXIV} \]
Write four-digit numbers representing years.
Clock Faces & Special Cases
Read numerals on a clock
\[ \text{Clock: XII} \rightarrow 12 \]
Read Roman numerals as they appear on traditional clock faces.
Understand IIII on clocks
\[ \text{IIII} = 4 \]
Recognise that IIII on a clock face represents 4.
Compare Roman numerals
\[ \text{XIV} > \text{IX} \]
Identify which numeral represents the larger number.
Order Roman numerals
\[ \text{IX, XII, XIV} \]
Arrange a set of Roman numerals in order of value.
Identify errors
\[ \text{Is VV valid? No.} \]
Identify whether a Roman numeral is written correctly.
Timer (Optional)
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